Materials & Metallurgy

**Pressure leaching and autoclaves in mineral processing: how the process works and what the equipment must handle**

Pressure leaching dissolves or transforms target minerals inside a sealed vessel held above the normal boiling point of the solution. Raising temperature accelerates reactions that run too slowly at atmospheric conditions. Raising pressure keeps the aqueous phase liquid and forces reactant gas into solution. The vessel that provides those conditions is an autoclave. Pressure and … Read more

**Exotic alloy heat exchangers for chemical service: Hastelloy, Inconel, titanium, and zirconium**

A tube bundle fails in eighteen months, and the metallurgical report says the alloy was never wrong on paper. Type 316L was rated for the acid, temperature sat inside the published range, and the corrosion allowance was generous. What the specification missed was a trace of ferric ion carried over from an upstream oxidation step, … Read more

**Exotic alloy heat exchangers for chemical service: Hastelloy, Inconel, titanium, and zirconium**

A tube bundle fails in eighteen months, and the metallurgical report says the alloy was never wrong on paper. Type 316L was rated for the acid, temperature sat inside the published range, and the corrosion allowance was generous. What the specification missed was a trace of ferric ion carried over from an upstream oxidation step, … Read more