Materials & Metallurgy

**Exotic alloy heat exchangers for chemical service: Hastelloy, Inconel, titanium, and zirconium**

A tube bundle fails in eighteen months, and the metallurgical report says the alloy was never wrong on paper. Type 316L was rated for the acid, temperature sat inside the published range, and the corrosion allowance was generous. What the specification missed was a trace of ferric ion carried over from an upstream oxidation step, … Read more

**Exotic alloy heat exchangers for chemical service: Hastelloy, Inconel, titanium, and zirconium**

A tube bundle fails in eighteen months, and the metallurgical report says the alloy was never wrong on paper. Type 316L was rated for the acid, temperature sat inside the published range, and the corrosion allowance was generous. What the specification missed was a trace of ferric ion carried over from an upstream oxidation step, … Read more

Understanding shell and tube heat exchanger design

Discover how modern shell and tube heat exchanger design balances thermal software simulations with mechanical limits and material economics.